Obtaining nickel(II) hydroxide for rechargeable batteries from multi-component aqueous solutions: effect of synthesis conditions
Keywords:
nickel hydroxide, co-precipitation, Caron process, rechargeable batteries.Abstract
Nickel(II) hydroxide is used in rechargeable batteries. This compound can be obtained from the sulfate solution resulting from the leaching of nickel sulphide that is obtained by processing lateritic ores by using Caron technology. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the influence of the variables: temperature, concentration of reagents, pH and stirring intensity, on the chemical-physical characteristics of nickel (II) hydroxide obtained by the way previously described. The chemical co-precipitation with ammonium and sodium hydroxides was used and the hydroxide was characterized, determining the chemical composition, the apparent density, the mineralogical phases as well as the specific surface area. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction and the nitrogen adsorption method (BET) were the used techniques. It was determined that the evaluated variables have an similar effect to the results obtained with high purity nickel solutions, and they positively influence the nickel content in the hydroxide, the apparent density, and the specific surface area; It is obtained beta nickel hydroxide as the main mineralogical phase with satisfactory values of the studied properties, except the apparent density, for possible use in rechargeable batteries.Downloads
References
Benet, G. E.; Walker, C. T.; Fierro, C.; Fetcenko, M. A.; Sommers, B. y Zallen, A. 2002: U.S. Patent No. 6,444,363. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Cabañas, S. 2012: Síntesis asistida por ultrasonido de nanoestructuras de compuestos de níquel. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Chang, S.; Young, K. H.; Nei, J. y Fierro, C. 2016: Reviews on the US Patents regarding nickel/metal hydride batteries. Batteries, 2(2): 10.
Chen, J.; Bradhurst, D. H.; Dou, S. X. y Liu, H. K. 1999: Nickel Hydroxide as an Active Material for the Positive Electrode in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146(10): 3606.
Cisneros, D.; Leyva, E. y Capote, N. 2015: Obtención de hidróxido de níquel a escala de laboratorio. Tecnología Química, 35(3): 308-321.
Fierro, C. 2012: Patente EP1323200 B1 Method of making a nickel hydroxide material.
Fierro, C.; Fetcenko, M. A.; Young, K.; Ovshinsky, S. R.; Sommers, B. y Harrison, C. 2007: U.S. Patent No. 7,294,434. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Freitas, M. B. J. G.; Silva, R. S.; Anjos, D. M.; Rozario, A. y Manoel, P. G. 2007: Effect of synthesis conditions on characteristics of the precursor material used in NiO· OH/Ni (OH) 2 electrodes of alkaline batteries. Journal of power sources, 165(2): 916-921.
ISO 18757. 2003: Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of specific surface area of ceramic powders by gas adsorption using the BET method.
ISO 23145-1(E). 2007: Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of bulk density of ceramic powders — Part 2. Suiza.
Ito, H.; Usui, T.; Shimakawa, M. and Iida, T. 2009: Patente US 7 585 435 B2 High density cobalt-manganese coprecipitated nickel hydroxide and process for its production. Tanaka Chemical Corporation: Japan.
Ito, T.; Tsuge, H.; Fujita, A. and Fukatani, M. 1999: Reactive crystallization of nickel hydroxide particles in continuos reactive crystallizer. In: 14th International Symposium on Industrial Crystallization. Warwickshire, UK: Institution of Chemical Engineers. ISBN 0 85295 424 7.
Kovalenko, V.; Kotok, V. and Bolotin, A. 2016: Definition of factors influencing on Ni(OH)2 electrochemical characteristics for supercapacitors. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5-6(83): 17-22. ISSN 1729-3774.
Krynitz, U.; Naumann, D. y Olbrich, A. 1995: U.S. Patent No. 5,391,265. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Milne, R. 2015: Recuperación pulvimetalúrgica de aleación de magnesio AZ91D con fines estructurales. Proyecto Integrador. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
Nie, Z. R.; Ma, L. W. y Xi, X. L. 2014: Complexation–precipitation metal separation method system and its application in secondary resources. Rare Metals, 33(4): 369-378.
Olbrich, A.; Meese-Marktscheffel, J.; Stoller, V.; Erb, M.; Albrecht, S.; Gille, G.; ... y Jahn, M. 2009: U.S. Patent No. 7,563,431. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Shin, D. Y. 1996: Patente US 5,498,403 Method for preparing high density nickel hydroxide used for alkali rechargeable batteries. Estados Unidos.
Song, Q.; Tang, Z.; Guo, H. y Chan, S. L. I. 2002: Structural characteristics of nickel hydroxide synthesized by a chemical precipitation route under different pH values. Journal of Power Sources, 112(2): 428-434.
Sun, Y. K.; Lee, B. R.; Noh, H. J.; Wu, H.; Myung, S. T. y Amine, K. 2011: A novel concentration-gradient Li (Ni 0.83 Co 0.07 Mn 0.10) O 2 cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials chemistry, 21(27): 10108-10112.
Van Bommel, A. and J. Dahn 2009: Synthesis of Spherical and Dense Particles of the Pure Hydroxide Phase Ni1∕ 3Mn1∕ 3Co1∕ 3 (OH) 2. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156(5): A362-A365.
Weiwei, E.; Cheng, J.; Yang, C. y Mao, Z. 2015: Experimental study by online measurement of the precipitation of nickel hydroxide: Effects of operating conditions. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23(5): 860-867.
Yang, Y.; Huang, G.; Xie, M.; Xu, S. y He, Y. 2016: Synthesis and performance of spherical LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 regenerated from nickel and cobalt scraps. Hydrometallurgy, 165: 358-369.
Zhang, W.; Jiang, W.; Yu, L.; Fu, Z.; Xia, W. y Yang, M. 2009: Effect of nickel hydroxide composition on the electrochemical performance of spherical Ni (OH) 2 positive materials for Ni–MH batteries. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(1): 473-480.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
- Authors retain copyright and guaranteeing the right magazine to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors may establish separate supplemental agreements for the exclusive distribution version of the work published in the journal (eg, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to disseminate their work through the Internet (e.g., in institutional telematic archives or on their websites) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase citations of the published work. (See The effect of open access)
